From stylish, manicured creations to small vegetable plots, gardens are taking to the rooftops of the South Korean capital Seoul — bringing dashes of spontaneity and colour to the skyline of one of the world's most densely populated cities.
With help from the municipal government, otherwise largely drab buildings are being crowned with flower beds, allotments and trees, where the scent of fresh blossoms in the springtime can briefly mask the fumes from the traffic below.
The project has produced one of the largest rooftop gardens in Asia, Garden 5, which is spread across the top of four 10-storey buildings and linked by skywalks, with a total surface area equal to three football fields.
Inter-M Corp., a broadcasting and audio equipment maker housed in a grey, nondescript, seven-storey office building in northern Seoul, decided to convert their roof several years ago.
Completed in late 2013 at a cost of 110 million won ($100,000) — half provided by City Hall — the 450 square meter (4,840 square feet) garden boasts azalea, lilies, maple trees, herbs and two small pavilions.
Company spokesman Bae Seung-San said staff used it to unwind, while potential customers were taken to the roof as part of a sales pitch.
"When we have foreign buyers, we throw barbecue parties here, with music playing on our equipment," Bae said.
The municipal financial support comes with a rider — any garden must be properly maintained and opened for public use within five years of its completion.
– The green fund –
Since the project began in 2002, the city government has spent more than 60 billion won ($57 million) helping to bankroll rooftop gardens, allotments or small ecological parks on more than 650 buildings around the city.
Seoul's government has spent more than 60 billion won ( million) helping to bankroll rooftop gardens, allotments or small ecological parks on more than 650 buildings around the city
"We need more green, but don't really have the budget to buy the land for urban parks," said Bang Seong-Weon, a municipal official in charge of the Green Roof Construction programme.
"If you green the rooftops, land prices cease to be an issue," Bang said.
Home to 20 percent of South Korea's 50 million people, Seoul is a modern, thriving city with a population density nearly twice that of New York and eight times greater than Rome.
Largely destroyed in the 1950-53 Korean War, Seoul was rebuilt at a time of rapid industrialisation and laissez-faire urban planning that resulted in an uninspiring landscape of cookie-cutter apartment blocks and utilitarian office buildings.
In the last 10 to 15 years, efforts have been made to revitalise the city architecturally and environmentally with varying degrees of success.
Bang is keen to highlight the economic as well as environmental benefits of the roof gardens which both absorb heat and act as insulators for buildings, reducing energy needed to provide heating and cooling in Seoul's freezing winters and hot, humid summers.
"And they improve the landscape, giving people a sense of the changing seasons," he added.
– A roof for all seasons –
While other high-density Asian cities have also seen a turn to rooftop gardens, the scale of Seoul's programme sets it apart.
"I've never seen anything like this before," said Choi Da-Yeon, a 20-year-old student as she strolled among the garden's flower beds and trees with her boyfriend at Garden 5.
"We don't have enough green spaces in Seoul. Somewhere like this give you a real breathing space," Choi said.
A leading proponent of the rooftop movement is Han Moo-Young a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Seoul National University.
At a cost of 200 million won provided by City Hall, corporate donations and his own money, Han laid a rooftop flower and vegetable garden that covers an 840 square meter rooftop on one of the main campus buildings.
University staff, local residents and an organisation for disabled people tend the vegetables growing on one half of the roof, and the flower beds on the other half which also host six beehives.
"We hold music concerts here and make kimchi together with students and residents. It's a community," Han said.
"You see the bees and butterflies and you get that sense of being in nature," he said.
– Seoul Skygarden –
While the rooftop project was designed as a cooperative effort involving government, corporates and individuals, the Seoul authorities are about to start work on a far larger undertaking to convert a half-mile stretch of abandoned 1970s highway into an elevated park.
The city has engaged Dutch architects MVRDV to design the Seoul Skygarden, due to be completed in late 2017, partly inspired by the success of New York City's elevated High Line.
In total, the pedestrian park spanning Seoul's main station will be home to 254 species of flora, as well as an nursery arboretum to provide cuttings and saplings that can be transplanted to other rooftop gardens around the city.
Exposed to strong sunlight, the elevated gardens need more care and frequent watering, while taking a bit more effort to get to, acknowledged Seo Jin-Sook who grows vegetables atop the university.
"However, looking at the beautiful scenery on top of the rooftop while gardening is a healing experience for me," she said.
Watch the video on AFP website.
