Human Rights Watch on Tuesday accused Egypt's military of having "violated international law" through mass home demolitions and evictions over the past two years along its border with Gaza.
Egypt's army in October created a wide buffer zone in the border town of Rafah in the north of the Sinai Peninsula, where it says tunnels have allowed militants and weapons in from the Palestinian enclave.
"The large-scale destruction of at least 3,255 buildings in Rafah to counter the threat of smuggling tunnels was likely disproportionate and did not meet Egypt's obligations under international human rights law or the laws of war," HRW said.
Since July 2013 "the military has arbitrarily razed thousands of homes in a once-populated buffer zone on the border with the Gaza Strip, destroying entire neighborhoods and hundreds of hectares (acres) of farmland," the New York-based rights watchdog said.
Egypt has stepped up its battle against jihadists — including Egypt's branch of the Islamic State group Sinai Province — since then army chief Abdel Fattah al-Sisi ousted elected Islamist president Mohamed Morsi in July 2013.
Militants in the Sinai have killed scores of policemen and soldiers since Morsi's overthrow, vowing revenge against a crackdown on his supporters that has killed more than 1,400 people and jailed thousands.
"Destroying homes, neighbourhoods, and livelihoods is a textbook example of how to lose a counterinsurgency campaign," said Sarah Leah Whitson, HRW head for the Middle East and North Africa.
The Egyptian government has failed to provide adequately for about 3,200 families after their eviction from their homes, HRW said, charging they received little warning of the evictions and inadequate compensation.
'New Rafah'
The Egyptian government, in a statement on Monday, said its campaign in Sinai complied with "international human rights laws".
It said the residents along the border had been consulted before work began on the buffer zone, and most demanded compensation for their property.
"All compensation for private property was dispensed to local residents," the government statement said.
"In addition a new city (New Rafah) is currently being built."
Egypt's official plan for the buffer zone calls for clearing about 79 square kilometres (30 square miles) on the Gaza border, including all of Rafah, a town of about 78,000 people, HRW said.
The rights group compiled its 84-page report from interviews with 11 evicted families, journalists and activists in Sinai, and satellite images of the buffer zone between March 2013 and August 2015.
"The Egyptian army has failed to explain why it cannot use… non-destructive means for detecting and neutralizing tunnels," it said, adding that its troops have reportedly received training for this from the US army since 2008.
The military had repeatedly tried to close the tunnels, which in some cases led to homes on the Egyptian side, including an attempt to build an underground metal barrier.
"The United States and other Western nations that arm Sisi's government look the other way when his forces abuse citizens under the dubious logic that he is aiding the fight against the Islamic State," Whitson said.
"But Sisi's reckless counterinsurgency strategy serves mostly to turn his own citizens against their government," she said.
